LIGO的GW150914/GW170817,是引力波信號(hào)?還是電網(wǎng)負(fù)阻尼信號(hào)?這是一個(gè)問題。

引力波是否存在?溫伯格在"解釋世界"的這本書中有如下的一段話。

在牛頓理論中，某一時(shí)刻和地點(diǎn)的引力取決于所有質(zhì)量在同一時(shí)刻的位置。因此，任何一個(gè)位置的突然變化（例如太陽表面發(fā)生的耀斑）都會(huì)導(dǎo)致引力在各處瞬間發(fā)生變化。這種觀點(diǎn)與愛因斯坦1905年的狹義相對(duì)論相沖突，因?yàn)楠M義相對(duì)論規(guī)定，任何影響都不能以超過光速的速度傳播。這一矛盾明確指出需要尋找一種修改后的引力理論。在愛因斯坦的廣義相對(duì)論中，質(zhì)量位置的突然變化會(huì)在其附近引起引力場的變化，而這種變化隨后會(huì)以光速向更遠(yuǎn)處傳播。
解釋世界:現(xiàn)代科學(xué)的發(fā)現(xiàn) (To Explain the World: The Discovery of Modern Science)

這段話把牛頓力學(xué),狹義相對(duì)論,廣義相對(duì)論串起來講。為了克服牛頓力學(xué)的萬有引力全宇宙瞬時(shí)傳遞這個(gè)問題點(diǎn)(超距作用),愛因斯坦用狹義相對(duì)論和廣義相對(duì)論逼出了引力波這個(gè)概念。我們?cè)谶@兒不是質(zhì)疑引力波的存在,而是質(zhì)疑LIGO真的探測到了引力波嗎?

LIGO引力波測量的問題點(diǎn)是沒有重整化(renormalization)。

把所有變量放在一個(gè)層次上使用傅立葉變換和小波分析進(jìn)行計(jì)算分析，無法排除各種不同層次的變量的相互干擾和影響。

標(biāo)準(zhǔn)理論利用自發(fā)對(duì)稱破缺成功地對(duì)強(qiáng)力，弱力和電磁力進(jìn)行了重整化(renormalization)操作，但是對(duì)引力迄今還還沒有成功地重整化。弦論宣稱成功地重整化了引力，但是無法實(shí)驗(yàn)驗(yàn)證。

沒有重整化理論武裝的LIGO引力波測量，可能是一個(gè)笑話，在各種各樣噪聲信號(hào)[比如電網(wǎng)啁啾(Chirp)信號(hào)(次同步/超同步振蕩信號(hào))]找到了接近光速同步的信號(hào)，就驚喜地宣布找到了。

LIGO的信號(hào)是時(shí)空的漣漪(Ripples)信號(hào),還是電網(wǎng)的負(fù)阻尼漣漪信號(hào),這是一個(gè)問題。

LIGO宣稱第三次測到了引力波信號(hào)(GW170104),LIGO真的測到了引力波信號(hào)?

在Frequently Asked Questions[1]中,LIGO宣稱考慮了三個(gè)環(huán)境要素: ground motions, temperature variations and power grid fluctuations。讓我們來看看power grid對(duì)LIGO的影響。

兩個(gè)巨型裝置使用Servo controls,裝備有許多交流馬達(dá)及相關(guān)控制設(shè)備,雖然時(shí)間上相差10ms,空間上間隔3000km,由于是連接在同一個(gè)美國電網(wǎng)上,也就是說兩個(gè)裝置實(shí)際上是通過光速電磁波連在一起的。導(dǎo)致GW150914等引力波信號(hào)十分可疑[2]。

如上LIGO的論文和FAQ的宣稱,電網(wǎng)波動(dòng)時(shí),有ac-power line monitors[3]監(jiān)視,可以排除壞數(shù)據(jù)。問題是美國的監(jiān)視裝置(PMU,Phasor Measurement Unit)只能監(jiān)視工頻(60Hz)相量的偏移,對(duì)次同步振蕩(比如30Hz)和超同步振蕩(比如120Hz)的衰減變化很快信號(hào)無法監(jiān)視和記錄。

在論文[3],作者認(rèn)為電網(wǎng)對(duì)裝置的影響只有一個(gè)工頻(60Hz)電壓相量。作者根本沒有考慮到電網(wǎng)除了穩(wěn)態(tài)的,振幅變化較少的工頻電壓相量以外,還存在各種各樣衰減變化很快的次同步振蕩和超同步振蕩信號(hào)。

論文[17]提到了60Hz and harmonics,電網(wǎng)的基波60Hz,3次(180Hz)/5次(300Hz)諧波等固定存在的頻率分量很容易排除,但是不長時(shí)存在的電網(wǎng)啁啾(Chirps)信號(hào)(次同步振蕩信號(hào))呢?

現(xiàn)在新能源(風(fēng)力發(fā)電,太陽能發(fā)電)不斷增多,電力電子設(shè)備不斷增多,導(dǎo)致各種次同步振蕩(SSO, Sub-synchronous Oscillation)出現(xiàn)的越來越頻繁,中國國家電網(wǎng)公司已在新疆電網(wǎng)安裝了"次同步振蕩檢測系統(tǒng)"[4],美國還沒有類似的系統(tǒng)。

這兒有兩篇論文介紹了作者Policarpo Yoshin Ulianov(巴西人工智能專家)運(yùn)用信號(hào)處理,得出GW150914是美國電網(wǎng)32.5Hz的次同步振蕩信號(hào)的結(jié)論[5,6]。

參照論文"HVDC引起次同步振蕩暫態(tài)擾動(dòng)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的機(jī)理分析"[7]:"由圖3可以看出，被激發(fā)的次同步振蕩具有初值高、衰減快的特點(diǎn)。因此，綏中電廠的次同步振蕩現(xiàn)象并非由小擾動(dòng)電氣負(fù)阻尼造成的，而是由HVDC 造成的大擾動(dòng)暫態(tài)現(xiàn)象"。雖然"轉(zhuǎn)速偏差"是力學(xué)系的有功功率變化量,但是如果對(duì)電氣系瞬時(shí)值電壓電流進(jìn)行頻譜分析和小波波形擬合處理,是可以取得類似GW150914的初值高、衰減快的信號(hào)波形的。

漢明(Richard Wesley Hamming)說[8]:"You Get What You Measure". 他說到: "I repeat the story Eddington told about the fisherman who went fishing with a net. They examined the size of the fish they caught and concluded there was a minimum size to the fish in the sea. The instrument you use clearly affects what you see." 現(xiàn)在LIGO沒有漢明這樣的一流工程技術(shù)人員把關(guān),使人不得不感嘆美國工程技術(shù)的衰落。

"You Get What You Measure",LIGO測到了引力波了嗎?

最近GW170817探測論文見[9],我們看到這些專家還是沒有考慮電網(wǎng)其他暫態(tài)變化很快并消失的頻率分量(次同步和超同步分量)。

LIGO需要證明GW150914/GW12226/GW170104/GW170814/GW170817不是power grid flucations的電網(wǎng)次同步振蕩信號(hào)(Sub-synchronous Oscillation)。需要馬上把美國電網(wǎng)解列運(yùn)行,徹底斷開兩個(gè)裝置之間的電磁聯(lián)系。如果技術(shù)上不能把北美電網(wǎng)解列成兩個(gè)大網(wǎng)運(yùn)行,至少需要把LIGO的其中一個(gè)裝置的電網(wǎng)搞成孤島運(yùn)行。并同時(shí)需要追加監(jiān)視電網(wǎng)次同步和超同步分量裝置,因?yàn)檫@些暫態(tài)分量會(huì)相隔最大直線光速時(shí)間10ms以內(nèi)出現(xiàn)在LIGO的兩個(gè)裝置中不斷地給出各種偽GW信號(hào)。在Virgo裝置也需要安裝監(jiān)視電網(wǎng)次同步和超同步分量裝置。

1. LIGO發(fā)現(xiàn)了引力波了嗎?
2. LIGO電網(wǎng)的孤島運(yùn)行不現(xiàn)實(shí)
3. LIGO Frequently Asked Questions (LINK)
4. Observation of Gravitational Waves from a Binary Black Hole Merger(LINK)
5. Environmental Influences on the LIGO Gravitational Wave Detectors during the 6th Science Run, A. Effler, et. al(LINK)
6. http://www.weidu8.net/wx/1005147968046913",《新疆電網(wǎng)次同步振蕩監(jiān)控系統(tǒng)的建設(shè)與探索》(鏈接斷)
   高比例可再生能源電力系統(tǒng)的協(xié)同優(yōu)化運(yùn)行技術(shù)展望,姚良忠etc.
   ２００９年、２０１１年、２０１５年美國德州、中國河北、中國新疆等地相繼發(fā)生風(fēng)電場經(jīng)串聯(lián)補(bǔ)償或直流送出系統(tǒng)的振蕩事件,如新疆現(xiàn)場發(fā)現(xiàn)振蕩中同時(shí)存在次同步和超同步分量,且超同步分量幅值更大,引起了國內(nèi)外學(xué)術(shù)界的極大關(guān)注.[20-22](似乎只有華人學(xué)者在研究電網(wǎng)次同步振蕩現(xiàn)象,美國學(xué)術(shù)界已沒有人搞電力研究了嗎?)
   [20]Huakun Liu,Xiaorong Xie, Chuanyu Zhang,Yu Li,Hui Liu,,Yinghong Hu．Quantitative SSR Analysis of Series-Compensated DFIG-Based Wind Farms Using Aggregated RLC Circuit Model[J]．IEEE Trans on Power Systems,2017,32(1):pp:474-483.
   [21]Meng Wu, Le Xie, Lin Cheng, Rongfu Sun．A Study on The Impact of Wind Farm Spatial Distribution on Power System Sub-Synchronous Oscillations[J]．IEEE Transon Power Systems, 2016,31(3)．pp:2154 - 2162
   [22]袁小明,程時(shí)杰,胡家兵．電力電子化電力系統(tǒng)多尺度電壓功角動(dòng)態(tài)穩(wěn)定問題 [J]．中國電機(jī)工程學(xué)報(bào),2016,36(19):5145G5154．YUAN Xiaoming,CHENG Shijie,HU Jiabing．Multi-time scale voltage and power angle dynamics in power electronics dominated large power systems[J]．Proceedings of the CSEE, 2016,36(19),pp:5145-5154
7. http://gpcpublishing.com/index.php?journal=gjp&page=article&op=view&path%5B%5D=461, Light fields are also affected by gravitational waves! Presenting strong evidence that LIGO did not detect gravitational waves in the GW150914 event, Policarpo Yoshin Ulianov(LINK),(鏈接斷)
8. Was LIGO’s Gravitational Wave Detection a False Alarm?(LINK)
9. HVDC引起次同步振蕩暫態(tài)擾動(dòng)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的機(jī)理分析(張鵬,畢天姝)
11. GW170817: Observation of Gravitational Waves from a Binary Neutron Star Inspiral(LINK)
    Figure 1 illustrates the data as they were analyzed to determine astrophysical source properties. After data collection, several independently measured terrestrial contributions to the detector noise were subtracted from the LIGO data using Wiener filtering [66], as described in [67–70]. This subtraction removed calibration lines and 60Hz ac power mains harmonics from both LIGO data streams.==>60Hz是電網(wǎng)基波,電網(wǎng)其他暫態(tài)變化很快并消失的頻率分量(次同步和超同步分量)考慮了嗎?
    [66] R. G. Brown and P. Y. C. Hwang, Introduction to Random Signals and Applied Kalman Filtering with Matlab Exercises (Wiley, New York, 2012).
    [67] J. C. Driggers et al., Technical Report No. LIGOP1700260, 2017.
    [68] J. C. Driggers, M. Evans, K. Pepper, and R. Adhikari, Rev. Sci. Instrum. 83, 024501 (2012).
    [69] G. D. Meadors, K. Kawabe, and K. Riles, Classical Quantum Gravity 31, 105014 (2014).
    [70] V. Tiwari et al., Classical Quantum Gravity 32, 165014(2015).
12. 新能源電力系統(tǒng)次同步振蕩問題研究綜述(電工技術(shù)學(xué)報(bào))
13. 大規(guī)模風(fēng)電場并網(wǎng)系統(tǒng)次同步振蕩研究綜述
14. 電力系統(tǒng)次同步和超同步諧波相量的檢測方法(謝小榮etc)
15. LIGO Document P1500238-v24(LINK)
    Characterization of transient noise in Advanced LIGO relevant to gravitational wave signal GW150914(PDF, LINK)
    引用:A network of sensors is employed such that global-scale environmental disturbances that could influence the detectors, such as electromagnetic disturbances in the atmosphere or transient fluctuations in the power grid, are redundantly monitored using PEM sensors that are significantly more sensitive to these disturbances than the detectors themselves.
    請(qǐng)問LIGO的PEM sensors能檢測和記錄電網(wǎng)(power grid)次同步振蕩信號(hào)嗎?
16. https://www.gw-openscience.org/, Gravitational Wave Open Science Center
17. https://www.ligo.caltech.edu/, LIGO, Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory
18. http://www.nbi.ku.dk/gravitational-waves/, Gravitational Waves and Cosmic Microwave Background
19. The Sensitivity of the Advanced LIGO Detectors at the Beginning of Gravitational Wave Astronomy(PDF,arxiv.org/pdf/1604.00439.pdf)
    The narrowband features in the sensitivity plots shown in Fig. 5 are caused by power lines (60Hz and harmonics), suspension mechanical resonances, and excitations that are deliberately added to the instrument for calibration and alignment purposes. These very narrow lines are easily excluded from the data analysis, while the broadband noise inevitably limits the instrument sensitivity. The latter is therefore a more important topic of investigation.
    基波60Hz,3次(180Hz)/5次(300Hz)諧波等固定存在的頻率分量很容易排除,但是電網(wǎng)啁啾(Chirps)信號(hào)(次同步振蕩信號(hào))呢?